7.16 Gridding of data, continued

pscontour (for contouring) and triangulate (for gridding) use the simplest method of interpolating data: a Delaunay triangulation (see Example 12) which forms $z(x, y)$ as a union of planar triangular facets. One advantage of this method is that it will not extrapolate $z(x, y)$ beyond the convex hull of the input (x, y) data. Another is that it will not estimate a z value above or below the local bounds on any triangle. A disadvantage is that the $z(x, y)$ surface is not differentiable, but has sharp kinks at triangle edges and thus also along contours. This may not look physically reasonable, but it can be filtered later (last panel below). surface can be used to generate a higher-order (smooth and differentiable) interpolation of $z(x, y)$ onto a grid, after which the grid may be illustrated (grdcontour, grdimage, grdview). surface will interpolate to all (x, y) points in a rectangular region, and thus will extrapolate beyond the convex hull of the data. However, this can be masked out in various ways (see Example 15).

A more serious objection is that surface may estimate z values outside the local range of the data (note area near x = 0.8, y = 5.3). This commonly happens when the default tension value of zero is used to create a ``minimum curvature'' (most smooth) interpolant. surface can be used with non-zero tension to partially overcome this problem. The limiting value $tension = 1$ should approximate the triangulation, while a value between 0 and 1 may yield a good compromise between the above two cases. A value of 0.5 is shown here (Figure 7.16). A side effect of the tension is that it tends to make the contours turn near the edges of the domain so that they approach the edge from a perpendicular direction. A solution is to use surface in a larger area and then use grdcut to cut out the desired smaller area. Another way to achieve a compromise is to interpolate the data to a grid and then filter the grid using grdfft or grdfilter. The latter can handle grids containing ``NaN'' values and it can do median and mode filters as well as convolutions. Shown here is triangulate followed by grdfilter. Note that the filter has done some extrapolation beyond the convex hull of the original x, y values. The ``best'' smooth approximation of $z(x, y)$ depends on the errors in the data and the physical laws obeyed by z. GMT cannot always do the ``best'' thing but it offers great flexibility through its combinations of tools. We illustrate all four solutions using a cpt file that contains color fills, patterns, and a ``skip slice'' request for $700 < z < 725$.

#!/bin/csh
#        GMT EXAMPLE 16
#
#        $Id: job16.csh,v 1.7 2004/04/13 21:32:27 pwessel Exp $
#
# Purpose:    Illustrates interpolation methods using same data as Example 12.
# GMT progs:    gmtset, grdview, grdfilter, pscontour, psscale, pstext, surface, triangulate
# Unix progs:    echo, rm
#
# First make a cpt file as in example 12:
#
#set z = `minmax table_5.11 -C -I25`
#makecpt -Crainbow -T$z[5]/$z[6]/25 >! ex16.cpt
#Hand edit to add patterns and skips
#
# Now illustrate various means of contouring, using triangulate and surface.
#
gmtset ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY 9
#
pscontour -R0/6.5/-0.2/6.5 -Jx0.45i -P -K -Y5.5i -Ba2f1WSne table_5.11 -Cex16.cpt -I \
   >! example_16.ps
echo "3.25 7 18 0 4 CB pscontour (triangulate)" | pstext -R -J -O -K -N >> example_16.ps
#
surface table_5.11 -R -I0.1 -Graws0.grd
grdview raws0.grd -R -J -Ba2f1WSne -Cex16.cpt -Qs -O -K -X3.5i >> example_16.ps
echo "3.25 7 18 0 4 CB surface (tension = 0)" | pstext -R -J -O -K -N >> example_16.ps
#
surface table_5.11 -R -I0.1 -Graws5.grd -T0.5
grdview raws5.grd -R -J -Ba2f1WSne -Cex16.cpt -Qs -O -K -Y-3.75i -X-3.5i >> example_16.ps
echo "3.25 7 18 0 4 CB surface (tension = 0.5)" | pstext -R -J -O -K -N >> example_16.ps
#
triangulate table_5.11 -Grawt.grd -R -I0.1 > /dev/null
grdfilter rawt.grd -Gfiltered.grd -D0 -Fc1
grdview filtered.grd -R -J -Ba2f1WSne -Cex16.cpt -Qs -O -K -X3.5i >> example_16.ps
echo "3.25 7 18 0 4 CB triangulate @~\256@~ grdfilter" | pstext -R -J -O -K -N >> example_16.ps
echo "3.2125 7.5 32 0 4 CB Gridding of Data" | pstext -R0/10/0/10 -Jx1i -O -K -N -X-3.5i \
   >> example_16.ps
psscale -D3.25i/0.35i/5i/0.25ih -Cex16.cpt -O -U"Example 16 in Cookbook" -Y-0.75i >> example_16.ps
#
\rm -f *.grd .gmt*

Figure 7.16: More ways to grid data.